​

• lower respiratory infection

• tuberculosis:

  • incidence rate 539 (per 100,000 people) (Elflein, 2022).

  • 3rd highest incidence rate in the world (Weiler, 2019).

  • According to the WHO, not enough is being done at prevention in the Philippines. Areas of improvement suggested were: cost for treatment & systemic screening (Weiler, 2019). 

  • U.S. comparison incidence rate: 2.4 (Filardo et al., 2022)​

  • One measure now in place: With the COVID pandemic, the Philippines Department of Health issued an updated guideline on identifying and treating those with TB (due to the higher risk COVID poses on TB recovery). Includes: 

    • continued TB testing through the pandemic, ensuring appropriate PPE is available, triaging for both COVID and TB simultaneously (Republic of the Philippines Department of Health, n.d.)

• COVID-19:

  • total deaths: 60,455 

  • total cases: 3.6 million 

  • Prevention and control measures:

    • requires vaccination for ages 12+ for traveling, face masks in public places, face shields in medical facilities, & social distancing (U.S. Embassy in the Philippines, 2022).

    • According to Hapal, the Philippines had one of the harshest restrictions worldwide in response to COVID: skeletal crews in government, school suspension, non-essential business closed, mass transportation closed, social distance/stay at home orders with government issued “passes” for departure, disciplinary action for violations (2021).